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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 21, No. 12, 1307-1318 (1995)
DOI: 10.1177/01461672952112008
© 1995 Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

The Search for Beauty and Truth: A Framework for Understanding Reactions to Evaluations

William B. Swann, Jr.

University of Texas at Austin, swann{at}psy.utexs.edu

Daniel G. Schroeder

University of Texas at Austin

It is proposed that independent desires for positivity and verisimilitude shape the sequence of cognitive operations people perform on self-relevant evaluations. In phase 1, the mere identification of evaluative information triggers a minimally cognitive tendency to embrace favorable evaluations and eschew unfavorable ones, a positive tropism. If sufficient motivation and cognitive resources are available, people proceed to phase 2, wherein they evaluate the verisimilitude of the evaluation by comparing it with a series of representations of self; beginning with their actual selves. To the extent that actual selves are uncertain and cognitive resources and motivation to continue processing are ample, people make additional comparisons with various possible selves (e.g., who they ought to be, who they ideally might be, and who they are according to "objectively accurate" indexes). If sufficient cognitive resources and motivation are still available, people will engage in a third phase, consisting of a cost-benefit analysis.


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