This Article Full Text (PDF) References Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Cohen, L. L. Articles by Swim, J. K. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Cohen, L. L. Articles by Swim, J. K. Social Bookmarking                   What's this?

The Differential Impact of Gender Ratios on Women and Men: Tokenism, Self-Confidence, and Expectations

Pennsylvania State University

Janet K. Swim

Pennsylvania State University

The results show that female subjects who anticipated being tokens-the only woman in the group were more likely than nontoken women to prefer a different group, to desire a change in the gender composition of the group, and to expect to stereotype others. These effects were stronger for token women with less confidence about an upcoming task. In contrast, token and nontoken male subjects did not differ in their responses to these measures. Yet potential female and male tokens, regardless of confidence, were both more likely to anticipate stereotypic evaluations from their group members. The authors discuss the relevance of these results to career choices by women in nontraditional careers.

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. M. Riordan and J. H. Wayne A Review and Examination of Demographic Similarity Measures Used to Assess Relational Demography Within Groups Organizational Research Methods, July 1, 2008; 11(3): 562 - 592. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L. M. Graves and P. M. Elsass Sex and sex dissimilarity effects in ongoing teams: Some surprising findings Human Relations, February 1, 2005; 58(2): 191 - 221. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. Arrow and S. Crosson Musical Chairs: Membership Dynamics in Self-Organized Group Formation Small Group Research, October 1, 2003; 34(5): 523 - 556. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. D. Vorauer Dominant Group Members in Intergroup Interaction: Safety or Vulnerability in Numbers? Pers Soc Psychol Bull, April 1, 2003; 29(4): 498 - 511. [Abstract] [PDF]

				D. Sekaquaptewa and M. Thompson The Differential Effects of Solo Status on Members of High- and Low-Status Groups Pers Soc Psychol Bull, May 1, 2002; 28(5): 694 - 707. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. Apfelbaum Twenty Years Later Feminism Psychology, August 1, 1999; 9(3): 300 - 313. [PDF]

				B. A. Bettencourt and N. Dorr Cooperative Interaction and Intergroup Bias: Effects of Numerical Representation and Cross-Cut Role Assignment Pers Soc Psychol Bull, December 1, 1998; 24(12): 1276 - 1293. [Abstract]

				K. M. Craig and K. A. Rand The Perceptually "Privileged" Group Member: Consequences of Solo Status for African Americans and Whites in Task Groups Small Group Research, June 1, 1998; 29(3): 339 - 358. [Abstract]

				K. M. Craig African Americans' and Whites' Selection Attributions about Solos Appearing in Same-Sex Groups Journal of Black Psychology, May 1, 1997; 23(2): 165 - 179. [Abstract]