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Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals
Tim Kasser
University of Rochester, tkasser{at}knox.edu
Richard M. Ryan
University of Rochester, ryan{at}prodigal.psych.rochester.edu
Empirical research and organismic theories suggest that lower well-being is associated with having extrinsic goals focused on rewards or praise relatively central to one's personality in comparison to intrinsic goals congruent with inherent growth tendencies. In a sample of adult subjects (Study 1), the relative importance and efficacy of extrinsic aspirations for financial success, an appealing appearance, and social recognition were associated with lower vitality and self-actualization and more physical symptoms. Conversely, the relative importance and efficacy of intrinsic aspirations for self-acceptance, affiliation, community feeling, and physical health were associated with higher well-being and less distress. Study 2 replicated these findings in a college sample and extended them to measures of narcissism and daily affect. Three reasons are discussed as to why extrinsic aspirations relate negatively to well-being, and future research directions are suggested.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 3,
280-287 (1996)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167296223006
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