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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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License or Obligation to Smile: The Effect of Power and Sex on Amount and Type of Smiling

Marvin A. Hecht

Louisiana College, hecht{at}socpsych.lacollege.edu

Marianne LaFrance

Yale University, marianne.lafrance{at}yale.edu

This experiment tested whether social power and sex affect amount and type of smiling. Participants were assigned to low-, high-, or equal-power positions and interacted in dyads. For high- and equal-power participants, smiling correlated with positive affect, whereas for low- power participants, it did not. Women smiled more than men overall and showed more Duchenne smiling in the equal-power context, but they did not differ in the high-power context or low-power context. Results are interpreted as reflecting the license given to high-power people to smile when they are so inclined and the obligation for low-power people to smile regardless of how positive they feel.

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 24, No. 12, 1332-1342 (1998)
DOI: 10.1177/01461672982412007
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