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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 2, 250-260 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167299025002010
© 1999 Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

From Thought to Action: Effects of Process-Versus Outcome-Based Mental Simulations on Performance

Lien B. Pham

University of California, Los Angeles

Shelley E. Taylor

University of California, Los Angeles, taylors{at}psych.ucla.edu

Mental simulations enhance the links between thought and action. The present research contrasted mental simulations that emphasize the process required to achieve a goal versus the outcome of goal achievement. For 5 to 7 days prior to a midterm examination, college freshmen mentally simulated either the process for doing well on the exam (good study habits) or simulated a desired outcome (getting a good grade) or both. A self-monitoring control condition was included. Results indicated that process simulation enhanced studying and improved grades; the latter effect was mediated by enhanced planning and reduced anxiety. Implications of process and outcome simulations for effective goal pursuit are discussed.


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