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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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From Thought to Action: Effects of Process-Versus Outcome-Based Mental Simulations on Performance

Lien B. Pham

University of California, Los Angeles

Shelley E. Taylor

University of California, Los Angeles, taylors{at}psych.ucla.edu

Mental simulations enhance the links between thought and action. The present research contrasted mental simulations that emphasize the process required to achieve a goal versus the outcome of goal achievement. For 5 to 7 days prior to a midterm examination, college freshmen mentally simulated either the process for doing well on the exam (good study habits) or simulated a desired outcome (getting a good grade) or both. A self-monitoring control condition was included. Results indicated that process simulation enhanced studying and improved grades; the latter effect was mediated by enhanced planning and reduced anxiety. Implications of process and outcome simulations for effective goal pursuit are discussed.

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 2, 250-260 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167299025002010
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