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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 29, No. 6, 701-712 (2003)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167203029006003
© 2003 Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

Level of Self-Esteem and Contingencies of Self-Worth: Unique Effects on Academic, Social, and Financial Problems in College Students

Jennifer Crocker

University of Michigan

Riia K. Luhtanen

University of Michigan

The unique effects of level of self-esteem and contingencies of self-worth assessed prior to college on academic, social, and financial problems experienced during the freshman year were examined in a longitudinal study of 642 college students. Low self-esteem predicted social problems, even controlling for demographic and personality variables (neuroticism, agreeableness, and social desirability), but did not predict academic or financial problems with other variables controlled. Academic competence contingency predicted academic and financial problems and appearance contingency predicted financial problems, even after controlling for relevant personality variables. We conclude that contingencies of self-worth uniquely contribute to academic and financial difficulties experienced by college freshmen beyond level of self-esteem and other personality variables. Low self-esteem, on the other hand, appears to uniquely contribute to later social difficulties.

Key Words: self-esteem • contingencies of self-worth • daily hassles • academic stress • social relationships • college students


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