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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 10, 1359-1371 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167204263784

All Our Troubles Seem So Far Away: Temporal Pattern to Accessible Alternatives and Retrospective Team Appraisals

Lawrence J. Sanna

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, sanna{at}unc.edu

Edward C. Chang

University of Michigan

Seth E. Carter

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Three studies tested the hypothesis that thoughts about alternatives become increasingly accessible over time, leading poor outcomes to feel subjectively farther away and less inevitable. This subjective temporal distance bias was obtained even though actual time since poor and good outcomes was identical. In Study 1, participants who recalled distant poor team outcomes thought of alternatives easily and outcomes felt farther away and less inevitable. Thoughts about outcomes were most easily accessible after good outcomes, which felt closer and more inevitable. In Study 2, with measures obtained immediately or at a later time on a negotiation task, changes over time occurred primarily for poor team outcomes. In Study 3, team performance on an investment task indicated it is whether alternatives are thought of easily, not thought content, that produces this effect. Discussion centers on temporal appraisals, other temporal biases, and teams.

Key Words: accessibility experiences • mental simulation • debiasing • hindsight bias • teams


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L. J. Sanna, E. C. Chang, S. E. Carter, and E. M. Small
The Future Is Now: Prospective Temporal Self-Appraisals Among Defensive Pessimists and Optimists
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, June 1, 2006; 32(6): 727 - 739.
[Abstract] [PDF]