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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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The Backlash of Token Mobility: The Impact of Past Group Experiences on Individual Ambition and Effort

Manuela Barreto

University of Leiden, barreto{at}fsw.leidenuniv.nl

Naomi Ellemers

University of Leiden

Maria Soledad Palacios

University of Huelva

Two studies investigated the impact of past ingroup experiences on individual aspirations and effort. Participants were told that in the past, members of their group had either been offered no opportunities (closed), few opportunities (token), or equal opportunities (open) to achieve a desired outcome. The results show that past group experiences determine responses to current opportunities and affect the perceived feasibility of individual success as well as individual performance. Exposure to a token system has different effects, depending on whether the group is historically advantaged or disadvantaged. Whereas those with a collective history of success see token mobility as a challenge and show superior performance, the same situation constitutes a threat to members of a historically disadvantaged group, who fail to take advantage of the opportunities offered to them and perform suboptimally.

Key Words: individual mobility • token system • meritocracy • disadvantage • discrimination • aspirations • social structure

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 11, 1433-1445 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167204264336
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This article has been cited by other articles:


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[Abstract] [PDF]