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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 1, 117-127 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167205279581
© 2006 Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

A Multilevel Approach to the Relationship Between Birth Order and Intelligence

Aaron L. Wichman

The Ohio State University

Joseph Lee Rodgers

University of Oklahoma

Robert C. MacCallum

University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill

Many studies show relationships between birth order and intelligence but use cross-sectional designs or manifest other threats to internal validity. Multilevel analyses with a control variable show that when these threats are removed, two major results emerge: (a) birth order has no significant influence on children's intelligence and (b) earlier reported birth order effects on intelligence are attributable to factors that vary between, not within, families. Analyses on 7- to8 - and 13- to 14-year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth support these conclusions. When hierarchical data structures, age variance of children, and within-family versus between-family variance sources are taken into account, previous research is seen in a new light.

Key Words: hierarchical • nested • intelligence • multilevel • birth order • NLSY


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