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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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The Role of Self-Criticism, Dependency, and Hassles in the Course of Depressive Illness: A Multiwave Longitudinal Study

John R. Z. Abela

Christian A. Webb

Clara Wagner

Moon-Ho R. Ho

Philippe Adams

McGill University

The current study utilized a multiwave longitudinal design to examine whether dependency and/or self-criticism influence the course of depressive symptoms in a community sample of adults with a history of major depression. In addition, the authors examined whether self-esteem serves as a buffer against the development of depressive symptoms following increases in hassles in individuals possessing such traits. At Time 1, 102 participants completed measures assessing depressive symptoms, self-criticism, dependency, and self-esteem. Every 6 weeks for the next year, participants completed measures assessing depressive symptoms and hassles. High self-criticism was associated with greater elevations in depressive symptoms following elevations in hassles in low but not high-self-esteem individuals. Results with respect to dependency, however, were contrary to hypotheses. High dependency was associated with elevations in depressive symptoms following elevations in hassles in high-self-esteem individuals. In contrast, high dependency was associated with chronically elevated depressive symptoms in low-self-esteem individuals.

Key Words: self-criticism • dependency • self-esteem • hassles • depressive symptoms

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 3, 328-338 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167205280911
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P. Adams, J. R. Z. Abela, R. Auerbach, and S. Skitch
Self-Criticism, Dependency, and Stress Reactivity: An Experience Sampling Approach to Testing Blatt and Zuroff's (1992) Theory of Personality Predispositions to Depression in High-Risk Youth
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, November 1, 2009; 35(11): 1440 - 1451.
[Abstract] [PDF]