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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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On the Causal Mechanisms of Stereotype Threat: Can Skills That Don't Rely Heavily on Working Memory Still Be Threatened?

Sian L. Beilock

The University of Chicago

William A. Jellison

Colgate University

Robert J. Rydell

University of California, Santa Barbara

Allen R. McConnell

Miami University

Thomas H. Carr

Vanderbilt University

Recent work suggests that stereotype threat (ST) harms performance by reducing available working memory capacity. Is this the only mechanism by which ST can occur? Three experiments examined ST's impact on expert golf putting, which is not harmed when working memory is reduced but is hurt when attention is allocated to proceduralized processes that normally run outside working memory. Experiment 1 showed that well learned golf putting is susceptible to ST. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that giving expert golfers a secondary task eliminates ST-induced impairment. Distracting attention away from the stereotype-related behavior eliminates the harmful impact of negative stereotype activation. These results are consistent with explicit monitoring theories of choking under pressure, which suggest that performance degradation can occur when too much attention is allocated to processes that usually run more automatically. Thus, ST alters information processing in multiple ways, inducing performance decrements for different reasons in different tasks.

Key Words: stereotype threat • automaticity • expertise • choking • performance pressure

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 8, 1059-1071 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167206288489
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[Abstract] [PDF]