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This version was published on September 1, 2007
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 33, No. 9, 1195-1200 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167207303028
© 2007 Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

Birth Order Has No Effect on Intelligence: A Reply and Extension of Previous Findings

Aaron L. Wichman

The Ohio State University, wichman.3{at}osu.edu

Joseph Lee Rodgers

University of Oklahoma

Robert C. MacCallum

University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill

We address points raised by Zajonc and Sulloway, who reject findings showing that birth order has no effect on intelligence. Many objections to findings of null birth-order results seem to stem from a misunderstanding of the difference between study designs where birth order is confounded with true causal influences on intelligence across families and designs that control for some of these influences. We discuss some of the consequences of not appreciating the nature of this difference. When between-family confounds are controlled using appropriate study designs and techniques such as multilevel modeling, birth order is shown not to influence intelligence. We conclude with an empirical investigation of the replicability and generalizability of this approach.

Key Words: birth order • multilevel modeling • nested data • hierarchical linear modeling • intelligence • IQ


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