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This version was published on July 1, 2008
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 7, 879-887 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167208316921

Mirrors in the Head: Cultural Variation in Objective Self-Awareness

Steven J. Heine

University of British Columbia, heine{at}psych.ubc.ca

Timothy Takemoto

Yamaguchi University

Sophia Moskalenko

University of Pennsylvania

Jannine Lasaleta

University of Minnesota

Joseph Henrich

University of British Columbia

In a society where there are pronounced concerns for "face," people come to be especially focused on how they are being evaluated by others. We reasoned that Japanese should conceive of themselves in terms of how they think they are considered by others. This hypothesis was tested by contrasting Japanese and North American participants who were in front of a mirror with those who were not. In two studies, replicating past research, North Americans who were in front of a mirror were more self-critical and were less likely to cheat than were those who were not in front of a mirror. In contrast, Japanese participants were unaffected by the presence of the mirror.

Key Words: culture • self-awareness • self-enhancement • Japanese • antisocial behavior


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