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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 4, 447-460 (1979)
DOI: 10.1177/014616727900500406
© 1979 Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

Some Thoughts about the Stigma Notion

Irwin Katz

Graduate Center of the City University of New York

Goffman (1963) believes that the stigma notion can provide a unifying perspective in the field of intergroup relations. But except for his treatment, the term stigma has never been examined as a social psychological concept. In this paper a preliminary explication is attempted. Following a brief review of Goffman's contribution, three causal models of the stigmatization process are presented: attribute-as-cause, labeling, and scapegoat. Implications for research are discussed. Next described are some important dimensions of stimulus variation among different types of stigma: visibility, threat, potential for sympathy and pity arousal, and apparent responsibility of the possessor. Attitudes of observers toward a range of stigmas appear to be ambivalent, and an ambivalence-response amplification theory of social reactions to stigmatized individuals is mentioned, along with some empirical evidence.


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