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The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time
Marilynn B. Brewer
University of California, Los Angeles
Mfost of social psychology's theories of the self fail to take into account the significance of social identification in the definition of self. Social identities are self-definitions that are more inclusive than the individuated self-concept of most American psychology. A model of optimal distinctiveness is proposed in which social identity is viewed as a reconciliation of opposing needs for assimilation and differentiation from others. According to this model, individuals avoid self-construals that are either too personalized or too inclusive and instead define themselves in terms of distinctive category memberships. Social identity and group loyalty are hypothesized to be strongest for those self-categorizations that simultaneously provide for a sense of belonging and a sense of distinctiveness. Results from an initial laboratory experiment support the prediction that depersonalization and group size interact as determinants of the strength of social identification.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 5,
475-482 (1991)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167291175001
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45(2):
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S. Roccas and M. B. Brewer
Social Identity Complexity
Personality and Social Psychology Review,
May 1, 2002;
6(2):
88 - 106.
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R. Prislin, M. Brewer, and D. J. Wilson
Changing Majority and Minority Positions within a Group Versus an Aggregate
Pers Soc Psychol Bull,
May 1, 2002;
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R. W. Tafarodi, S. Mehranvar, R. L. Panton, and A. B. Milne
Putting Oneself in the Task: Choice, Personalization, and Confidence
Pers Soc Psychol Bull,
May 1, 2002;
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C. Bicchieri
Covenants without Swords: Group Identity, Norms, and Communication in Social Dilemmas
Rationality and Society,
May 1, 2002;
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M. Riketta
Intergroup Comparisons within the Context of Nested Self-Categorizations: Effects of Regional and National Comparisons on the Acceptance of the European Union
Group Processes Intergroup Relations,
April 1, 2002;
5(2):
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C. L. Pickett, M. D. Silver, and M. B. Brewer
The Impact of Assimilation and Differentiation Needs on Perceived Group Importance and Judgments of Ingroup Size
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April 1, 2002;
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J. N. Choi
External Activities and Team Effectiveness: Review and Theoretical Development
Small Group Research,
April 1, 2002;
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M. Verkuyten
Global self-esteem, ethnic self-esteem, and family integrity: Turkish and Dutch early adolescents in The Netherlands
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July 1, 2001;
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V. Yzerbyt, O. Corneille, and C. Estrada
The Interplay of Subjective Essentialism and Entitativity in the Formation of Stereotypes
Personality and Social Psychology Review,
May 1, 2001;
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S. R. Levy, J. E. Plaks, Y.-y. Hong, C.-y. Chiu, and C. S. Dweck
Static Versus Dynamic Theories and the Perception of Groups: Different Routes to Different Destinations
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May 1, 2001;
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S. Byrne
Consociational and Civic Society Approaches to Peacebuilding in Northern Ireland
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May 1, 2001;
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L. R. Tropp and S. C. Wright
Ingroup Identification as the Inclusion of Ingroup in the Self
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May 1, 2001;
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W. E. D. Creed and M. A. Scully
Songs of Ourselves: Employees' Deployment of Social Identity in Workplace Encounters
Journal of Management Inquiry,
December 1, 2000;
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V. L. Vignoles, X. Chryssochoou, and G. M. Breakwell
The Distinctiveness Principle: Identity, Meaning, and the Bounds of Cultural Relativity
Personality and Social Psychology Review,
November 1, 2000;
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M. J. Hornsey and M. A. Hogg
Assimilation and Diversity: An Integrative Model of Subgroup Relations
Personality and Social Psychology Review,
May 1, 2000;
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K. Y. A. McKenna and J. A. Bargh
Plan 9 From Cyberspace: The Implications of the Internet for Personality and Social Psychology
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February 1, 2000;
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M. Wenzel
Justice and Identity: The Significance of Inclusion for Perceptions of Entitlement and the Justice Motive
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February 1, 2000;
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