Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Click here for more information

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow References
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Smith, E. R.
Right arrow Articles by Henry, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow Articles by Smith, E. R.
Right arrow Articles by Henry, S.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 6, 635-642 (1996)
DOI: 10.1177/0146167296226008
© 1996 Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

An In-Group Becomes Part of the Self: Response Time Evidence

Eliot R. Smith

Purdue University

Susan Henry

Purdue University

Social identity theory holds that social group memberships become part of the psychological self; affecting thoughts, feelings, and behavior. However, tests of this hypothesis to date have mainly involved judgmental dependent measures. A method adapted from Aron and associates can provide more direct evidence. Subjects made speeded self-descriptiveness judgments for a variety of traits. Responses were slower and involved more errors for traits on which the individual believed he or she mismatched an in-group, compared with matching traits. Matches or mismatches between the self and a salient out-group had no effect. This evidence suggests that cognitive representations of the self and an in-group are directly linked, to the point where reports about the self are facilitated for traits on which the self and in-group are perceived as similar, and inhibited for dissimilar traits.


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
J. F. Dovidio, A. R. Pearson, and P. Orr
Social Psychology and Neuroscience: Strange Bedfellows or a Healthy Marriage?
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, April 1, 2008; 11(2): 247 - 263.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
M. Riketta and C. A. Sacramento
`They Cooperate With Us, So They Are Like Me': Perceived Intergroup Relationship Moderates Projection from Self to Outgroups
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, January 1, 2008; 11(1): 115 - 131.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Journal of Contemporary EthnographyHome page
J. E. Crowley
Friend or Foe?: Self-Expansion, Stigmatized Groups, and the Researcher-Participant Relationship
Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, December 1, 2007; 36(6): 603 - 630.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
S. Adil Saribay and S. M. Andersen
Relational to Collective: Significant-Other Representations, Ethnic Categories, and Intergroup Perceptions
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, December 1, 2007; 33(12): 1714 - 1726.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social ScienceHome page
T. Craemer
An Evolutionary Model of Racial Attitude Formation: Socially Shared and Idiosyncratic Racial Attitudes
The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, November 1, 2007; 614(1): 74 - 101.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol RevHome page
C. E. Amiot, R. de la Sablonniere, D. J. Terry, and J. R. Smith
Integration of Social Identities in the Self: Toward a Cognitive-Developmental Model
Personality and Social Psychology Review, November 1, 2007; 11(4): 364 - 388.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
L. Ashburn-Nardo, M. J. Monteith, S. A. Arthur, and A. Bain
Race and the Psychological Health of African Americans
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, October 1, 2007; 10(4): 471 - 491.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol RevHome page
S. C. Wheeler, K. G. DeMarree, and R. E. Petty
Understanding the Role of the Self in Prime-to-Behavior Effects: The Active-Self Account
Personality and Social Psychology Review, August 1, 2007; 11(3): 234 - 261.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
D. K. Sherman, Z. Kinias, B. Major, H. S. Kim, and M. Prenovost
The Group as a Resource: Reducing Biased Attributions for Group Success and Failure via Group Affirmation
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, August 1, 2007; 33(8): 1100 - 1112.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
R. Giner-Sorolla, D. M. Mackie, and E. R. Smith
Special Issue on Intergroup Emotions: Introduction
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, January 1, 2007; 10(1): 5 - 8.
[PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol RevHome page
B. Lickel, N. Miller, D. M. Stenstrom, T. F. Denson, and T. Schmader
Vicarious Retribution: The Role of Collective Blame in Intergroup Aggression
Personality and Social Psychology Review, November 1, 2006; 10(4): 372 - 390.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
A. L. Garcia, D. A. Miller, E. R. Smith, and D. M. Mackie
Thanks for the Compliment? Emotional Reactions to Group-Level Versus Individual-Level Compliments and Insults
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, July 1, 2006; 9(3): 307 - 324.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
S. Otten and K. Epstude
Overlapping Mental Representations of Self, Ingroup, and Outgroup: Unraveling Self-Stereotyping and Self-Anchoring
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, July 1, 2006; 32(7): 957 - 969.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Cross-Cultural ResearchHome page
J. S. Boster and K. Maltseva
A Crystal Seen From Each of Its Vertices: European Views of European National Characters
Cross-Cultural Research, February 1, 2006; 40(1): 47 - 64.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
B. Lickel, T. Schmader, M. Curtis, M. Scarnier, and D. R. Ames
Vicarious Shame and Guilt
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, April 1, 2005; 8(2): 145 - 157.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
J. F. Dovidio, M. ten Vergert, T. L. Stewart, S. L. Gaertner, J. D. Johnson, V. M. Esses, B. M. Riek, and A. R. Pearson
Perspective and Prejudice: Antecedents and Mediating Mechanisms
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, December 1, 2004; 30(12): 1537 - 1549.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
D. A. Miller, E. R. Smith, and D. M. Mackie
Effects of Intergroup Contact and Political Predispositions on Prejudice: Role of Intergroup Emotions
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, July 1, 2004; 7(3): 221 - 237.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Small Group ResearchHome page
M. A. Hogg, D. Abrams, S. Otten, and S. Hinkle
The Social Identity Perspective: Intergroup Relations, Self-Conception, and Small Groups
Small Group Research, June 1, 2004; 35(3): 246 - 276.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
A. D. Galinsky and G. Ku
The Effects of Perspective-Taking on Prejudice: The Moderating Role of Self-Evaluation
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, May 1, 2004; 30(5): 594 - 604.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.Home page
T. DEVOS and M. R. BANAJI
Implicit Self and Identity
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., October 1, 2003; 1001(1): 177 - 211.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol RevHome page
K. D. Markman and M. N. McMullen
A Reflection and Evaluation Model of Comparative Thinking
Personality and Social Psychology Review, August 1, 2003; 7(3): 244 - 267.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
S. K. McCoy and B. Major
Group Identification Moderates Emotional Responses to Perceived Prejudice
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, August 1, 2003; 29(8): 1005 - 1017.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
E. R. Smith, J. W. Jackson, and C. W. Sparks
Effects of Inequality and Reasons for Inequality on Group Identification and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, April 1, 2003; 6(2): 201 - 220.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
F. Sani and J. Todman
Should We Stay or Should We Go? A Social Psychological Model of Schisms in Groups
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, December 1, 2002; 28(12): 1647 - 1655.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
E. H. Gordijn, D. Wigboldus, and V. Yzerbyt
Emotional Consequences of Categorizing Victims of Negative Outgroup Behavior as Ingroup or Outgroup
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, October 1, 2001; 4(4): 317 - 326.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
L. A. Rudman, A. G. Greenwald, and D. E. McGhee
Implicit Self-Concept and Evaluative Implicit Gender Stereotypes: Self and Ingroup Share Desirable Traits
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, September 1, 2001; 27(9): 1164 - 1178.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
D. Operario and S. T. Fiske
Ethnic Identity Moderates Perceptions of Prejudice: Judgments of Personal Versus Group Discrimination and Subtle Versus Blatant Bias
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, May 1, 2001; 27(5): 550 - 561.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
L. R. Tropp and S. C. Wright
Ingroup Identification as the Inclusion of Ingroup in the Self
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, May 1, 2001; 27(5): 585 - 600.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
O. Ybarra, W. G. Stephan, and L. Schaberg
Misanthropic Memory for the Behavior of Group Members
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, December 1, 2000; 26(12): 1515 - 1525.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
K. A. Quinn, N. J. Roese, G. L. Pennington, and J. M. Olson
The Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy: The Role of Informational Complexity
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, November 1, 1999; 25(11): 1430 - 1440.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Journal of Social and Personal RelationshipsHome page
L. K. Acitelli, S. Rogers, and C. R. Knee
The Role of Identity in the Link between Relationship Thinking and Relationship Satisfaction
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, October 1, 1999; 16(5): 591 - 618.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
M. D. Foster and K. Matheson
Perceiving and Responding to the Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, October 1, 1999; 25(10): 1319 - 1329.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
S. A. Haslam, P. J. Oakes, K. J. Reynolds, and J. C. Turner
Social Identity Salience and the Emergence of Stereotype Consensus
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, July 1, 1999; 25(7): 809 - 818.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
E. R. Smith, S. Coats, and D. Walling
Overlapping Mental Representations of Self, In-Group, and Partner: Further Response Time Evidence and a Connectionist Model
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, July 1, 1999; 25(7): 873 - 882.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
G. Bohner, F. Siebler, S. Sturm, D. Effler, M. Litters, M.-A. Reinhard, and S. Rutz
Rape Myth Acceptance and Accessibility of the Gender Category
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, July 1, 1998; 1(1): 67 - 79.
[Abstract]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
M. Verkuyten and L. Hagendoorn
Prejudice and Self-Categorization: The Variable Role of Authoritarianism and In-Group Stereotypes
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, January 1, 1998; 24(1): 99 - 110.
[Abstract]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
S. C. Wright
Ambiguity, Social Influence, and Collective Action: Generating Collective Protest in Response to Tokenism
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, December 1, 1997; 23(12): 1277 - 1290.
[Abstract]